|
|
| Leading South Korean steel
maker Hanbo Steel Corp defaults on loans, the first of a string of major corporate failure
in 1997. |
| Thailands baht
currency comes under attack by speculators who decided Thailands slowing economy and
political instability meant it was time to sell. Thailand and Singapore jointly intervene
to defend the baht. The Phillippines is affected. The
central bank raises the overnight rate 1-3/4 percentage points to 13 percent and dumps
dollars. |
| Amnuay Viravan, staunchly
against devaluing the baht, resigns as Thai finance minister. The resignation has
immediate impact in the Philippines, where the overnight deposit rate rises to 15 percent. |
| Thai central bank suspends
operations of 16 cash-strapped finance companies and orders them to submit merger or
consolidation plans. |
| Thai Prime Minister
Chavalit Yonchaiyudh assures the nation in a televised address there will be no
devaluation of the baht. |
The Asia nightmare starts.
After a failed defence of the Thai baht, the Bank of Thailand announces a managed float of
the baht and calls on the International Monetary Fund for "technical
assistance". The announcement effectively devalues the baht by about 15-20%. It ends
at a record low of 28.80 to the dollar.
In Manila, the central bank is forced to intervene heavily to defend the peso. |
Malaysias central
bank, Bank Negara, has to intervene aggressively to defend the ringgit.
In Indonesia, the rupiah starts to crumble. Jakarta widens its rupiah trading band to 12%
from 8%. |
| The IMF offers the
Philippines almost $1.1 billion in financial support under fast-track regulations drawn up
after the 1995 Mexican crisis. |
| Asian currency meltdown.
The rupiah, baht, ringgit and peso all slump, as confidence in the region rapidly
deteriorates. Around this time the Singapore dollar starts a gradual decline. |
| In Tokyo the IMF unveils a
rescue package for Thailand including loans of $16 billion from the IMF and Asian nations. |
| Indonesia abolishes its
system of a managed exchange rate. The rupiah plunges. |
| IMF approves a $3.9
billion credit for Thailand. Brunei later adds $500 million to the bailout package,
bringing it to a total of $17.2 billion. |
Rupiah hits a low of
3,845.
Russia and London Club sign agreement rescheduling roughly $33 billion of debts over 25
years with seven years grace, dated from December 1995. |
| Indonesia says it will ask
the IMF for financial assistance. |
The Hongkong stock market
suffers its heaviest drubbing ever, shedding nearly a quarter of its value in four days on
uncertainty over the Hongkong dollar. The Hang Seng index plunges 24% to 10,426.30 by
Thursdays close, after 13,601.01 the previous Friday.
Around this time, the South Korea won also begins to slump rapidly in value. |
| Asian jitters spill over
on to world stock markets. The Dow plunges 554 points, its largest single-day point loss
ever. Hongkong stock market continue to plunge further from speculators short selling. |
| Indonesias IMF
package is unveiled. It provides for as much as $40 billion in aid, although the
front-line defence is $23 billion. |
| Indonesia shuts down 16
troubled banks |
| IMF approves a $10 billion
loan for Indonesia as part of the massive international package. |
| Korea abandons its defence
of the won, which rapidly falls to 1,000 to the dollar. |
| IMF approves a $21 billion
loan for South Korea, part of a bail-out package that will total nearly $60 billion. |
| Thailand closes 56 of 58
previously suspended finance companies. |
|
|
| Indonesia unveils its
1998/99 budget projecting an increase of 32.1 percent growth in revenue and expenditure
over the current budget and a four percent economic growth rate. The rupiah loses half its
value against the dollar over five days, breaking through the 10,000 to the dollar level,
before a slight recovery. The free fall is triggered by perceptions that the budget was
not tough enough to meet IMF-mandated austerity measures and by market talk that Jakarta
might declare a debt moratorium. |
| Representatives of the IMF
and South Korea agree to a 90-day rollover of short-term debt. |
| Indonesias President
Suharto comes under increasing international pressure to adhere to IMF conditions. He
calls the delay or review of 15 big infrastructure projects. |
| The IMFs first
Deputy Managing Director Stanley Fisher arrives in Jakarta for talks about the IMFs
programme and how to move ahead with it. |
| Peregrine, one of
Asias largest independent investment banks, collapses under a mountain of bad loans
to Indonesia borrowers. Shares fall sharply in Hongkong, China and Singapore. |
| IMF Managing Director
Camdessus heads for Jakarta. Stopping off in Singapore, he says the IMF is asking
Indonesia to sign a new letter of intent committing itself to implementing further IMF
reforms. |
| Camdessus and President
Suharto sign an agreement strengthening economic reforms. |
| Camdessus says he expects
the Indonesian and Thai economies to recover within two years. |
| The rupiah falls to a
record low of 12,000 to the dollar as reports surface that corporates were now paying
their dollar debts off in rupiah. |
| Indonesia presents a
revised budget sticking to figures agreed with the IMF. The budget expects zero growth in
fiscal 1998 and inflation of 20%. But it also assumes the rupiah will be at a level of
5,000 to the dollar. It ends the day at 12,000. |
| Indonesia announces a
temporary freeze on debt servicing but says it is not a moratorium as companies with the
dollars can pay their creditors. It also announces banking reforms in which the government
will guarantee the security of both depositors and creditors. |
Indonesia again stresses
it has not sought a debt moratorium, saying a temporary freeze suggested on servicing
corporate debts is entirely voluntary. Mobs attack shops owned by ethnic Chinese in
Central Java over rising food prices.
International creditor banks and the South Korean government say they have agreed on a
plan to exchange $24 billion of short-term debt for new loans maturing in one, two and
three years. |
| U.S. Federal Reserve
Chairman Alan Greenspan warns Asias financial crisis could spread. |
| Singapore proposes a
multilateral system of guarantees for Indonesian letters of credit. |
Indonesian government
gives a lukewarm response to a proposal by U.S. economist Steve Hanke to set up a currency
board, where the rupiah is pegged to another currency, most likely the U.S. dollar.
Suharto refuses to name a running mate in March election, saying it was the right of
parliamentary groups, not his right, to name the candidate. |
| Thousands of troops and
police put on a show of strength in practice sessions in Jakarta before the indirect
presidential elections in early March. Chief debt negotiator Radius Prawiro says the
countrys total foreign debt was $137.424 billion. |
Growing unhappiness over
Suhartos handling of the economic crisis leads to a signature campaign to replace
him.
Suharto says he will announce new steps on the exchange rate of the rupiah, giving the
first hint that the fixed currency system might be implemented. A curfew is imposed in an
eastern Indonesia town after more riots. |
Bank Indonesia Governor
Soedradjad Djiwandono tells parliament the government was weighing the merits of a
currency board system.
Outgoing army chief Feisal Tanjung says recent riots were inflamed by people who were
trying to undermine national unity. Planning Minister Ginandjar Kartasasmita declines to
be vice-president candidate, paving the way for Research and Technology Minister Jusuf
Habibie. |
Finance Minister
Marie Muhammad tells parliament the government was preparing the groundwork for a
currency board system. The rupiah rises to 7,200 to the dollar on Indonesias plan to
introduce a fixed-rate currency.
Suharto also accuses unnamed parties of seeking to undermine the economy by driving the
rupiah down.
Police detain 140 people after protests in Jakarta over rising food prices. |
Suharto repeats warning of
a plot to destabilise the government as hundreds riot in a West Java town. Suharto also
appoints a loyalist, General Wiranto, as new military chief. The ruling Golkar party names
Habibie and parliament speaker Harmoko as its vice president candidates.
The IMF insists Indonesia is not ready for a rigid currency regime. |
Suharto tells President
Clinton the IMF was failing to stem his countrys financial crisis. Clinton objects
to Jakartas plans to fix the rupiah to the U.S. dollar through a currency board
system
The rupiah surges to as high as 8,100 on signs the plan will proceed. |
| The IMF threatens to cut
off the bail-out fund for Indonesia over its plans to peg the rupiah. ASEAN central
bankers discuss a proposal to promote the use of regional currencies for intra-regional
trade. Police detain 154 people in riots over rising prices, which left at least three
dead and Jakarta bans mass rallies during voting in March. Rioters had torched shops owned
by ethnic Chinese, churches and cars in three west Java towns.Two rioters are shot dead in
Praya, a town in the holiday island of Lombok. |
| Parliamentary speaker
Harmoko withdraws from vice-presidential race in favour of Habibie, who was also endorsed
by the Moslem-backed United Development Party. As rioting over rising food prices worsens,
Indonesian police warn they would shoot rioters on sight even as new military commander
Wiranto played down the impact of the violence. |
| President Suharto fires
central bank governor Soedradjad Djiwandono for opposing the currency board proposal.
Djiwandono replaced by U.S.-trained economist Sjahril Sabirin. The sacking draws immediate
attacks from global lenders as it is seen as a direct affront to their demands that
Jakarta reform its economy. |
Habibie assured of the
vice presidency after winning the backing of the powerful armed forces.
German Finance Minister Theo Waigel says President Suharto promised to rethink the
currency board plan, throwing the markets into confusion about Jakartas position on
the scheme. Waigel also signs agreement to provide Indonesia with 375 million marks
($205.3 million) in financial aid to fight the economic crisis.
Thousands of students and labourers, angered by rising prices, stone dozens of shops and
offices in the southeast Sulawesi capital of Kendari, while a series of hoax bomb threats
are received in Ujung Pandang in South Sulawesi. |
The countrys
currency crisis remains unresolved amid confusion over Jakartas position on the
currency board as rioting is reported in eastern Indonesia and West Java targeted at
Chinese shopowners. The rupiah steady at 8,750/8,850.
U.S. Commerce Secretary William Daley and German Finance Minister Waigel insist Indonesia
must follow IMF-prescribed economic reforms to get economy on track.
Chinese shopowners open a public relations drive in Java selling commodities at discounts
to Javanese poor. China says it believed Indonesia could keep ethnic unity and deal with
its economic crisis.
The IMF and United States, while stressing that the currency board scheme was premature,
show flexibility by saying that the currency plan could be considered once banking reform,
corporate debt and other economic issues had been addressed by Jakarta. |
Finance Minister
Marie Muhammad says Indonesia so far faced no problem in meeting state foreign
debts, while telling parliament that the government wants to maintain good ties with the
IMF. Marie says Suharto had instructed the finance ministry and the Central Bank to
prepare for the introduction of a currency board by taking into consideration all views
and development, locally and abroad.
Police brace for further unrest in Sulawesi island as no clear picture is seen on how the
government would stabilise the rupiah. |
Indonesia troops patrol
two towns on Sumatra after a series of riots against rising prices, the first to hit the
western island.
The ruling Golkar party says the government must decide quickly whether to adopt a
currency board. IMF head Michel Camdessus warns Indonesia not to adopt a currency board,
saying "At this very moment it is the view of IMF, supported by the entire world
community, that the currency board medicine would kill the Indonesia patient." |
A new team of IMF
officials arrives in Jakarta to review Indonesias economic reform programme, as
international bankers gathered to discuss ways of easing the countrys crushing debt.
Banking sources say the new team arrived to review the economic reforms Jakarta has agreed
to in exchange for the $40 billion bail-out package.
German Finance Minister Theo Waigel repeats warning to Indonesia not to adopt a currency
board. "I regret that Indonesias president has not recognised what the impact
of a wrong currency step on the country could be," he said. |
President Suharto sends
mixed signals to IMF, insisting hes committed to economic reforms but refusing to
scrap the currency peg proposal.
Tensions rose briefly in the capital Jakarta when 5,000 University of Indonesia students
marched to the gates of their campus shouting slogans blaming the government for the
countrys financial mess.
Indonesias borrowers and lenders begin negotiations on rescheduling at least $70
billion in private off-shore debt. |
President Suharto delivers
his strongest comments to date on the economic crisis, saying reforms prescribed by the
IMF had not worked and more drastic plans had to be drawn up.
"The financial crisis
(is) more serious, more widespread and more lasting than
anyone could have imagined," Suharto told the inaugural 1998 session of the
Peoples Consultative Assembly. |
| The IMF approves release
of the third tranche payment from Thailands package and commends the Thai government
for its economic reforms. |
IMF says its board would
not discuss Indonesias economic reform program before April, effectively delaying a
$3 billion payment initially expected by March 15.
IMF plays down the missed deadline saying the delay did not imply a cancellation of the
bail-out package. It stated a need for its review team in Jakarta to discuss changes in
"a few macroeconomic functions" with the new cabinet to be appointed following
President Suhartos re-election March 10.
State owned Bank Ekspor Impor Indonesia (Bank Exim) admits that it experienced a foreign
exchange shortfall, but declines to give details of the loss. The admission came after the
Jakarta news weekly Kontan reported that Bank Exim may have suffered a loss on $2.2
billion in forex transactions. |
| Rupiah recovers well from
its earlier low of around 12,000 per dollar as rumours of an imminent move to a currency
board system swirl. IMF head Michel Camdessus warns that the crisis in Indonesia could
undermine efforts to combat financial turmoil in Asia unless the problems were resolved
soon. |
| President Suharto
re-elected unopposed to a seventh five-year term. A senior official said Indonesia will
send a top-level economic delegation for talks with the United States and the IMF on
differences over how to resolve its economic crisis. |
| Indonesia nearly
doubles interest rates to boost the rupiah and control inflation. |
| Japan begins steps aimed
at liberalising its financial markets to make them "free, fair and global" by
2001. Tokyo share prices fall, the yen dips and Japans central bank governor
pronounces every economic indicator bad. |
| The chairman of
electronics giant Sony, Norio Ohga, says the Japanese economy is on the verge of collapse. |
| U.S. ratings agency
Moodys lowers its outlook on Japans sovereign debt to negative from stable.
Asian currencies fall sharply on the news. |
| Fears that riots in the
Indonesian city of Medan will spill over into a wider social crisis send regional stocks
into retreat. |
| India stuns the world with
announcement of three underground nuclear tests. Pakistan stocks tumble 3.52% while
Indias National Stock Exchange index slides 2.55%. |
| The United States imposes
economic sanctions on India and Japan suspends some loans. |
| Mobs rampage through
Jakarta and students demand Suhartos resignation. Indonesias worsening crisis
takes centre-stage for Asian markets, several of which suffer sharp losses. |
| Suharto returns home from
Egypt amid signs he is losing his 32-year grip on power. |
| Suharto steps down and is
succeeded by former deputy president B.J. Habibie. Markets enjoy a limited rally. Jakarta
stocks surge more than three percent. |
| South Korean shares
plummet 6.78% despite a lifting of foreign ownership limits on stocks. Most other Asian
markets shrug off Seouls fall. |
| Seouls KOSPI share
index continues to dive, losing a further six percent, hurt by a looming recession and
labour unrest. |
| Asian markets are hammered
as the yen falls against the dollar and amid mounting fears of economic recession.
Hongkong stocks plunge more than five percent after Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa warns of
possible recession. |
| Pakistan conducts nuclear
tests. |
The dollar rockets to a
seven-year high of 139 yen on fears of a possible nuclear arms race in Asia and after news
that Japans unemployment rate hit 4.1 percent in April, its highest level since the
end of World War Two.
Recession looms in much of Asia. Hongkong reports that its gross domestic product
contracted two percent in first quarter of 1998. About the same time Indonesia and
Malaysia also report their economies contracted in the first quarter. |
| Pakistani stocks plunge
12.38% as traders get their first chance to react to sanctions imposed after the
countrys nuclear tests. Asian markets are hit as nuclear tension adds to a cocktail
of domestic problems. |
| International
lenders and Indonesian companies reach a deal to reschedule the countrys massive
corporate debt. |
| The yen falls past 140 to
the dollar, sending a shudder through Asian markets. Signs that Japan and other leading
economies are unlikely to intervene to support the unit sap confidence further. |
Chinas central bank
governor warns that the weak yen is having a severe impact on Beijings foreign
trade, raising fears that China may devalue its yuan currency. Markets across Asia tumble,
led by a near five percent fall on Hongkongs Hang Seng Index.
In Taiwan, the local dollar hits new 11-year lows and the Australian dollar plummets past
59 U.S. cents. |
| U.S. Treasury Secretary
Robert Rubin all but rules out the possibility of joint intervention by major industrial
powers to bolster the yen. He says the weak yen reflects the state of the Japanese
economy. |
| Economic Planning Agency
says Japans gross domestic product fell by an annualised rate of 5.3 % in the first
quarter, signalling recession. The yen dives towards 145 to the dollar as hopes fade of
official intervention. |
The U.S. joins Japan in
selling the dollar in favour of the yen.
The action takes markets by surprise and the yen rises to a high of around 134 at one
stage from a level of some 142.50 prior to the intervention. |
| U.S. Treasury Secretary
Robert Rubin tells Reuters he is not expecting high level meetings in Tokyo to produce
specific new action plans on the economy. His statements puts further pressure on the yen. |
| Top finance officials from
the Group of Seven meet in Tokyo and vow to cooperate as appropriate in the currency
markets. |
| Michel Camdessus calls the
yen fall a "crisis within the crisis |
| Indonesia and the IMF sign
another letter of intent the fourth. The letter says that Indonesian GDP is
expected to contract by at least 10% in 1998 and says the rupiah will stabilised at around
10,000 by the last quarter of 1998. |
| Malaysia cuts bank
statutory reserve requirements to eight percent from 10 percent. |
| For the first time, South
Korea closes banks, shutting five ailing operations in a major step towards meeting the
mandate of the massive IMF rescue package. |